鍛件毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)加工(gong)(gong)是(shi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)生產(chan)的(de)道工(gong)(gong)序，鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)好(hao)(hao)壞(huai)，生產(chan)率(lv)的(de)高低(di)，將(jiang)對鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)、性能、壽命及企業的(de)經濟效(xiao)益產(chan)生重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)影響(xiang)。鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝、設備精度和(he)(he)性能決定了毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)質(zhi)量(liang)。鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)的(de)好(hao)(hao)壞(huai)直(zhi)接(jie)影響(xiang)車削加工(gong)(gong)精度，而車削加工(gong)(gong)的(de)好(hao)(hao)壞(huai)又影響(xiang)磨削精度和(he)(he)效(xiao)率(lv)。所以鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇在(zai)(zai)整個鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)加工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)起著(zhu)非常重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)作用(yong)，鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)選(xuan)(xuan)擇的(de)原(yuan)則，應(ying)在(zai)(zai)滿足使用(yong)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)前提下(xia)，盡(jin)可能地降低(di)生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)，使產(chan)品在(zai)(zai)市場上具(ju)有競爭(zheng)能力。接(jie)下(xia)來(lai)是(shi)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件(jian)毛(mao)(mao)坯(pi)(pi)的(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇原(yuan)則。

       工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)原則：鍛(duan)件的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用要(yao)(yao)求決定(ding)了毛坯形(xing)(xing)狀特點，各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用要(yao)(yao)求和(he)形(xing)(xing)狀特點，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了相應的(de)(de)(de)毛坯成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)求。鍛(duan)件的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用要(yao)(yao)求具體(ti)體(ti)現在對其(qi)形(xing)(xing)狀、尺寸(cun)、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精度、表面粗糙度等外部(bu)質(zhi)量，和(he)對其(qi)化(hua)學(xue)成(cheng)分、金(jin)屬組織、力學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、物理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)化(hua)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等內部(bu)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求上。對于不同鍛(duan)件的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用要(yao)(yao)求，必須(xu)考慮鍛(duan)件材料的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)特性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)（如鍛(duan)造性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、焊接(jie)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等）來確定(ding)采用何種(zhong)毛坯成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)方(fang)法(fa)。選擇毛坯成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)同時，也要(yao)(yao)兼(jian)顧后續機(ji)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。一些結構復雜，難以采用單種(zhong)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)方(fang)法(fa)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)毛坯，既(ji)要(yao)(yao)考慮各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)方(fang)案結合的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，也需(xu)考慮這些結合是否(fou)會(hui)影響機(ji)械加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

       ;適應性原則：在毛坯成形(xing)(xing)方案的選擇(ze)中，還要(yao)考慮適應性原則。既根據鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件的結構形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)、外形(xing)(xing)尺(chi)寸和(he)工作(zuo)條件要(yao)求，選擇(ze)適應的毛坯方案。例(li)如，對于階梯(ti)軸類零件，當(dang)各(ge)臺階直徑相(xiang)差(cha)不(bu)大時，可用(yong)棒料(liao)；若相(xiang)差(cha)較大，則宜采(cai)用(yong)鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)造毛坯。鍛(duan)(duan)(duan)件的工作(zuo)條件不(bu)同(tong)，選擇(ze)的毛坯類型也不(bu)同(tong)。

       生(sheng)產條件兼顧原則：鍛件毛(mao)(mao)坯的(de)(de)(de)成形方案(an)要(yao)根(gen)據現(xian)(xian)場(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)條件(jian)選(xuan)擇。現(xian)(xian)場(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)條件(jian)主(zhu)要(yao)包括現(xian)(xian)場(chang)毛(mao)(mao)坯制造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際工(gong)(gong)藝水(shui)平、設備狀(zhuang)況以(yi)及外(wai)(wai)協的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性(xing)和(he)經濟(ji)性(xing)，但同時(shi)也要(yao)考(kao)慮因生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)發展而采用較(jiao)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)坯制造(zao)方法(fa)(fa)。為此，毛(mao)(mao)坯選(xuan)擇時(shi)，應分析本企業現(xian)(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)條件(jian)，如設備能(neng)力和(he)員工(gong)(gong)技術水(shui)平，盡(jin)量利用現(xian)(xian)有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)條件(jian)完成毛(mao)(mao)坯制造(zao)任務。若(ruo)現(xian)(xian)有(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)條件(jian)難以(yi)滿足要(yao)求時(shi)，則應考(kao)慮改(gai)變(bian)鍛件(jian)材料和(he)（或(huo)）毛(mao)(mao)坯成形方法(fa)(fa)，也可通過外(wai)(wai)協加工(gong)(gong)或(huo)外(wai)(wai)購解決。

       經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)原則：經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)原則就是使鍛件(jian)的(de)制造(zao)材(cai)料費、能耗(hao)費、工資費用(yong)等成(cheng)(cheng)本低(di)。在選擇鍛件(jian)毛(mao)坯(pi)的(de)類(lei)(lei)型和具體的(de)制造(zao)方(fang)(fang)法時(shi)，應在滿(man)足零件(jian)使用(yong)要求的(de)前提(ti)下，把幾個預選方(fang)(fang)案(an)作經(jing)(jing)濟性(xing)比較，從中選出整體生產成(cheng)(cheng)本低(di)廉的(de)方(fang)(fang)案(an)。一般，選擇毛(mao)坯(pi)的(de)種類(lei)(lei)和制造(zao)方(fang)(fang)法時(shi)，應使毛(mao)坯(pi)尺寸、形狀盡量(liang)與(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)品零件(jian)相近，從而減(jian)少(shao)加工余(yu)量(liang)，提(ti)高材(cai)料的(de)利(li)用(yong)率，減(jian)少(shao)機械加工工作量(liang)。但是毛(mao)坯(pi)越，制造(zao)就越困難，費用(yong)也(ye)越高。

       因此(ci)，生(sheng)產(chan)綱(gang)領大(da)時(shi)，應采(cai)用(yong)(yong)精度高、生(sheng)產(chan)率高的毛坯(pi)制造方法，這時(shi)雖(sui)然一次(ci)投資較大(da)，但增大(da)的毛坯(pi)制造費用(yong)(yong)可(ke)由(you)減少的材(cai)料消耗及機(ji)械加工費用(yong)(yong)得到補償。一般的規律是，單件小(xiao)批生(sheng)產(chan)時(shi)，可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)自由鍛造、手(shou)工(gong)電弧(hu)(hu)焊、板金鉗工(gong)等成形方法，在批量生產時(shi)可(ke)采用機器造(zao)型(xing)、模鍛、埋弧(hu)(hu)自(zi)動焊或其他。

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